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来历:知乎
Summary一般而言只概述一篇文章或文献,它也是一种自力安插的作业形式。留门生常常会熬着几个彻夜把全部原文按每个细节改写,因而获得低分。为什么?由于他们不太领会summary格式以及summary若何写。下面给同学们诠释一下summary写作计谋而且供给summary范文为你们的参考。
Summary详解?
Summary中文译为总结或摘要。Summary包括文章或文献首要概念并抛弃原文所报告的布景细节和证据。一般来说,summary与原文相比更加短,其长度按要求而分歧:从两段落至几张页。假如教员安插summary写作使命的话,他最能够要指出其长度的要求。
为了写一篇summary,同学们事前务需要仔细地阅读原文,在此同时留意着每个段落的重点。把文本的首要概念放在段落始句是英文写作傍边凡是的做法,这类位于段首的句子叫做主题句(topic sentences)。由于列位作者的写作气概会有如天地之别,主题句会向段落中部或段落尾句移动,甚至于完全不见了。在此情况下,一来二去你所需要的细节都显现在你眼睛前,以此作者给你自己决议本段落首要概念的机遇。如果同学们已经把握好若何在正文傍边正确地找出主题句,倡议先略读整片了解其大意,然后免得遗漏任何重要工具再细细阅读。
在阅读文本的时辰,同学们需要依靠自己的判定才能来把握作者想转达的概念。Summary就是你们以简洁方式利用自己的话语对原文首要概念的概述,而不是你们对刚阅读文章暗示的批评。值得一提,summary的中性腔调是同学们写作进程傍边的绊脚石,插入自己对原文的小我态度能够是留门生写总结的时辰最常犯的毛病。
Summary写作格式与结构框架
1.一篇杰出的summary是指原文的客观概述,并回答原文的根基题目,如"谁?什么时辰?在哪儿?做了什么?"或"这个文本的首要思惟详解?","首要支持点详解?","首要论占有哪些?"。
2.总结与改述之间的区分在于其简洁性,写summary并不意味着把全数原文改写,同学们只需要挖掘且概括原文的重要点。改述则让你们保存原文的论述结构而爽性替换词语来对原文停止转述。
3.避免给出对原文的倡议和批评
4.Summary没有需要具有结论,但假如原文以向读者的寓意而竣事,同学们绝对不能落掉这一点。
5.一篇杰出的summary可以利用原文的关键词,但不能带有原文的全部句子或短语。在原文写到的说法务需要传递的情况下(作者辞汇挑选重要或表达方式极好)可以提取原文的全部句子并将其括在引号中。
优异SUMMARY若何写:有用的写作技能
1.在阅读原文的同时,划出你所碰到的关键点和首要论据。比如说,先可以找出每个段落的主题句,如果在一个段落里头有几个反复的单词,最能够它们与主体有关系。记着5W+H的原则:
What?
Which?
Who?
Where?
When?
Why?
How?
你的summary务需要对这些题目供给答案。
2.将一切划出的关键点用自己的话语写下来。我们在提醒大师,为了写出一篇杰出的summary,同学们务需要避免改写或爽性复制原文而应当用自己的话语来说。利用关键词仍然是答应的:假如原文主题是digital technology,插入"digital technology","binary digit"或"analog"说法是可以的,但留意避免过量细节。
3.在有需求的话,可以把原文关键点顺序重新放置。比如,偶然辰文章的中心机惟在结论才展开,在此情况下你可以从尾起头,即把原文中心机惟放在summary的开首,然后逐步停止支持论据的论述。
4.把原文的I需要替换为其作者的姓名、"the writer/author"或"she/he"。在碰到作者对读者间接称号you可以利用people or reader。
5.每篇summary应当从作者以及文章主题的提到起头,即作者姓名、他写了什么、在哪类期刊颁发了本文。Summary首段也经常指出原文的中心机惟。为了确保论述的联贯性需要留意的关联词,下面的信息就是给大师供给在联贯手法的指导。
在SUMMARY写作中经常利用的说法和关联词
同学们从上文已经晓得summary该从作者简介和原文主题动手。给你们几个标准说法挑选:
In"Cats Don't Dance,"John Wood explains...
John Wood,in"Cats Don't Dance,"explains...
According to John Wood in"Cats Don't Dance"...
As John Wood vividly illustrates in his ironic story"Cats Don't Dance"...
John Wood claims in his ironic story"Cats Don't Dance"that...
将原文首要概念以及作者姓名和文章题目连系于summary首句。参考一下下面的例子:
According to John Wood in"Cats Don't Dance",regardless the fact that cats are popular pets who seem to like people,felines are not really good at any activities that require cooperation with others,whether that is dancing or sharing.
Summary剩下部分只要概括原文补充信息,即以简洁方式论述支持首句的论据和论证。
在第一次提到原文作者的时辰,同学们总是必须用姓名提他。鄙人文又说到作者的话,需要用其姓氏,如:
Johnson comments...
According to Wood's perspective...
As Jones implies in the story about...
Toller criticizes...
In conclusion,Kessler elaborates about...
不用指出人家的称号,即Dr.,Professor,or Mr.and Mrs.,但在一些情况下表白作者的资历并不过剩,以此我们能夸高文者在某范畴具有威望:
In"Global Warming isn't Real,"Steven Collins,a professor at the University of Michigan,claims that...
New York Times critic Johann Bachman argues in"Global Warming is the Next Best Thing for the Earth"that...
记得利用author tags/作者标签(reporting verbs/报告动词)就是引出间接引语的动词,只管避免动词的反复。同学们可以参考一下下面的动词。表格中被选的author tag可以制定你所写summary的腔调,是以请留意每个动词的涵义:
优异SUMMARY范文以及标准SUMMARY格式
优异SUMMARY范文以及标准SUMMARY格式
为了对上文停止某种总结,下面我们对一篇短summary范文停止分析。
In"School is Bad for Children"(The Saturday Evening Post,8.02.69),John Holt argues that traditional education systems ruin children's emotional and intellectual development,and suggests various improvements.He points out that pre-school children are already skilled learners,are highly motivated and not afraid of getting things wrong.However,instead of building on these strengths schools adopt strict rules and isolate education from the real world.Children become passive and lose confidence.Holt thinks that the situation could be improved by introducing more freedom and flexibility.Attendance would be voluntary,learning would take place outside the classroom and within,and non-teachers would share their experiences of life with children.In addition,he advocates interactive group learning and an end to the fixed core curriculum.
首先,把段落分为三个首要部分:
先容句;
支持论据;
结论句。
Summary范文中的先容句就是段落的第一句话。
In"School is Bad for Children"(The Saturday Evening Post,8.02.69),John Holt argues that traditional education systems ruin children's emotional and intellectual development,and suggests various improvements.
今后我们晓得:
原文题目是"School is Bad for Children";
颁发于The Saturday Evening Post;
颁发日期8.02.69;
其作者叫John Holt.
原文大旨是traditional education systems ruin children's emotional and intellectual development,而且作者也供给改良教育状态的定见。
请留意,在第一句话作者名字是第一次而提到的,是以必须利用作者的全名来先容他。
第一句话里头也可以查到author tags/作者标签,即argues和suggests。
接下来本篇summary范文供给原文大旨的支持论据,传统教育机关若何会障碍孩子的成长:
He points out that pre-school children are already skilled learners,are highly motivated and not afraid of getting things wrong.However,instead of building on these strengths schools adopt strict rules and isolate education from the real world.Children become passive and lose confidence.
看看能否有我们小我态度的表露?这summary的论述气概不含褒贬,没有一点豪情色彩。唯一的author tag地点:points out
结论部分在本summary范文最初的三句:
Holt thinks that the situation could be improved by introducing more freedom and flexibility.Attendance would be voluntary,learning would take place outside the classroom and within,and non-teachers would share their experiences of life with children.In addition,he advocates interactive group learning and an end to the fixed core curriculum.
同学们请留意:虽然我们在这里停止对作者论证的概述,略去了不需要的细节并简洁地把原文重点列出来。这是第二次我们提到作者的名字,是以不需要提他的全名。该部分第一句和第三句具有author tags,即thinks以及advocates。
Summary写作中最常犯的毛病
Summary写作中最常犯的毛病
在进修进程傍边出毛病是不成避免的,所以在写summary的时辰不谨慎句子太长了或作者名字遗漏了也是常见的。下面我们领会一下留门生写summary中最烦难的题目:
完全照抄原文
还记得小编倡议大师在阅读原文的时记下来每个段落中的主题句吗?那末,很多同学们写出主题句以后一点处置都没有,爽性把summary做成被照抄主题句的清单。读原文做笔记以后用自己的说话停止概述是关键的!大师假如简单地剽窃原文,教员必定会给你们低分。Summary模板范文看来是必须领会的;
有的学子们太利害了:把原文论证句都抄了很明显,但他们采纳了author tags和间接引语,以为教员不会发现,比如:
原文:I really think that the situation can be improved by introducing more freedom and flexibility to the studying 403 Forbidden my opinion,attendance at schools should be voluntary and learning should take place outside the classroom and within.
同学改写:Holt thinks that the situation can be improved by introducing more freedom and flexibility to the studying 403 Forbidden his opinion,attendance at schools should be voluntary and learning should take place outside the classroom and within.
以上同学把人称换成第三人称而已,而对整文毫无处置。这类summary必定要失利。
暗示自己的小我态度
同学们晓得童谣The Itsy Bitsy Spider吗?假如我们用它写summary,它的样子应当是如此:
A spider lived in a waterspout.When it rained,the spider left.When the sun came up,the spider went back inside the spout.
但有人会怕蜘蛛,有的会感觉很厌恶,所以能够会写到这样:
A gross spider lived in the gutter.When it rained,it was washed into the grass.Even though it should have stayed there,when the sun came out,the disgusting spider went back into the spout!
第二段对蜘蛛给出悲观的态度,而现实上原文是给小朋友唱的歌曲并完全缺少对蜘蛛的反感。这样一来,第二段summary曲解本来作文的涵义。
遗漏标点标记
由于summary是一种概述,我们经常需要把自力子句在一条句子毗连起来。在此,同学们常常会忘记放置应对的标点标记或连词,致使连写句的出现或让读者感应迷惑不解。
Lets eat grandma!
这是典型的英文连写句。一个逗号可以完全改变字句的意义:
Lets eat,grandma!
已经不怕奶奶会失事吧!
为了避免标点标记的毛病,温习一下comma splicing,introductory phrase,coordinating conjunction语法点。
原文地址:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/556925227
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