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论文写作中轻易搞混、误用或被滥用(Confused, Misused ...

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发表于 2023-2-21 01:04:32 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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假如英语不是你的母语,那末用英文写作已经够难了,用英文写科技相关的内容更难。首先,你必须确保一切技术辞汇都正确。其次,你必须确保别的内容也誊写清楚,这可不简单。。
有那末多的辞汇听起来都一样,却意指完全分歧的事物。亦或是短语,假如不正确利用,能够会使原本公道的工作变得看起来是毛病的。可是,别让用词混淆酿成习惯!请检察以下关于科技写作中一些经常碰到的辞汇和短语的正确利用列表。
About vs. approximately
除了科技写作外,About是英文里最常用的词语。在科技写作中,优选approximately
Accord vs. accordance
accord即协议。例如,“The Paris Accord is a climate agreement.” “巴黎协议是一个天气协议。”但是,accordance意指分歧性。例如,“The enzyme levels in the HeLa cells were in accordance with previous studies.” “海拉细胞中的酶水和蔼先前的研讨分歧“。
Adverse vs. averse
Adverse指的是有害的或使人不快的事/物。例如,a drug can have an adverse effect药物能够有副感化。Averse是指对某事/物的悲观感受。例如,“She was averse to asking for advice about her failed experiment.” “她不愿对她失利的尝试收罗定见。”
Affect vs. effect
affect(动词)某事/物即影响它,而effect (名词)是对某事/物有影响的某事/物。例如,“The relative humidity in the chamber affects the growth of the plants,” “房间里的相对湿度影响了动物的发展,” 而“The relative humidity in the chamber has an effect on the growth of the plants.” “房间里的相对湿度对动物的发展有影响。”
Alternate vs. alternative
作为描述词,alternate泛指替换,而alternative 凡是是更好的挑选。例如,“We can synthesize this compound via the alternate reaction” “我们可以经过替换的反应来分解这类化合物”,表白别的反应结果跟第一个反应一样好。“We can synthesize this compound via the alternative Michael addition” “我们可以经过可供挑选的迈克尔加成来分解这类化合物”,暗指迈克尔加成对于分解该化合物来说是更好的挑选。作为名词,这两个词可交换利用。例如,“He is a good alternate for the keynote speaker” “他是很好的主讲人替换人选” 以及 “He is a good alternative to the keynote speaker” “他是替换主讲人的很好的人选”,指的是同一件事且两者都合意。
Analog vs. analogue
Analog应在说起计较机或电子学时利用。Analogue应当在要表达某物和另一事物类似时利用,或用于化合物
As yet; as of yet
避免利用这两个短语。yetstillso far取代
At the present time; at this time; at present
这些可以用更简单的nowtodaycurrently替换。
At the time that; at the time when
避免利用这些短语。when这个词结果最好。
By means of
用这个短语是不需要的冗杂。用bywith取代。
Compare with vs. compare to
这些短语经常交换利用,但它们有纤细的区分。在同时比力不异点和分歧点时用compare with。当你想要夸大事物之间的不异点时用compare to。例如,“The percent yield with our method was higher and lower compared with the yields obtained by Brett et al. and Tsing et al., respectively.” “用我们的方式获得的产率别离比Brett等人获得的产率高,比Tsing等人低”。用compare to的例子是,“The morphological changes were similar compared to those observed by Kwak et al.” “此描摹变化与Kwak等人观察到的类似”。
Comprise vs. compose
这两个词经常被混淆。要记着这些词的用法,记着“The whole comprises the parts,” “整体包括部分”以及“The parts compose the whole.” “部分组成整体”。例如,你可以写成 “The genus Glycine comprises several species, including max and soja.” “大豆属包括多少物种,包括大豆和野生大豆”。但是,你也可以写成 “The species max, soja, and others compose the genus Glycine.” “大豆、野生大豆以及别的物种组成了大豆属”。
Criteria
Criteriacriterion的复数。写成criterias是毛病的。
Data
在科技写作中,data是复数;datum是单数。
Disk vs. disc
除了某些专业术语之外,Disk是最通用的拼写。请核实那末范畴独有的术语以肯定该利用disk还是disc。例如,你可以写 “disc gel electrophoresis” “圆盘凝胶电泳” 但要写 “disk drive” “磁盘驱动器”。
Due to the fact that
这过于冗杂了。连结简洁,用because取代.
Either...or
假如零丁利用either作主语,必须用单数动词。例如,你可以写成 “Either buffer works for gel electrophoresis.” “任一种缓冲剂都可用于凝胶电泳”。
假如用 “either…or”,句子必须是平行结构的。例如,“Either the DNA or the RNA can be diluted using DEPC water.” “DNA或RNA都可以用DEPC水稀释”。
Farther vs. further
凡是,这些词被交换利用,而且这是可接管的。但是,习惯上farther指的是物理间隔,而further则指的是没法丈量的间隔。例如,按老例你应当写成 “The restriction fragments of BamHI migrated farther than those generated by SacI,” “BamHI的限制酶断片比SacI发生的迁移得远”,而 “Further study is needed to understand the mechanism underlying the virus’ entry into the host.” “需要进一步的研讨来领会病毒进入宿主所潜伏的机理”。
First, second, third vs. firstly, secondly, thirdly
Firstsecondthird是优选用于列表的形式,但利用firstlysecondlythirdly也没错。
I.e. vs. e.g.
I.e.是 id est或“that is”的缩写。E.g.是exempli gratia或 “for example”的缩写。假如用这些缩写,则应当带有逗号。
If vs. whether
在科技写作中,用whether更合适。
Impact; impactful
请留意impact不是动词,虽然它经常被这样误用。它是个名词。是以,“This research will have a large impact on the field,” “此研讨将会对该范畴发生较大的影响” 而不是 “This research will impact the field,” “此研讨将会影响该范畴”。第一个句子最好写成 “This research will have a large effect/influence on the field.” “此研讨将会对该范畴发生较大的影响”。此外,不应利用impactful。用influential取代。
Imply vs. infer
Imply意义是暗示或提醒,而infer意义是推论。例如,你可以写成 “The increased enzyme activity during gastric cancer implies that the enzyme plays a role in gastric cancer,” “胃癌时代增强的酶活性意味着酶在胃癌中起着一定的感化”,而 “Because the enzyme activity was increased during the initiation of cell division, we inferred that it played a role in this process.” “由于细胞割裂早期酶活性增强,所以我们猜测酶在此进程中起一定的感化”。
Induce vs. deduce
用于科技写作中时Inducededuce是相反的。Induce意义是基于观察构成普遍道理,而deduce意义是基于普遍道理的利用得出结论。例如,“Based on close observation of the flora and fauna of the Galapagos Islands, Darwin induced his theory of evolution,” “基于对加拉帕戈斯群岛的动物群和动物群的亲近观察,达尔文提出了他的进化论”,而 “We were able to deduce that the genes would be closely related between the two species of fly based on the theory of evolution.” “基于进化论我们可以揣度,这两种物种之间的基因能够有较近的亲缘”。
In order to; in order for
连结简洁,只用tofor
In regard to
这个短语是正确的,但它可以用诸如aboutregardingconcerning的词简化。
Irregardless
这不是个实在的词。别上当利用它。Regardlessirrespective才是正确的。例如,你可以写成 “Regardless of the wind speeds, we were able to obtain depth data.” “不管风速多大,我们都能获得深度数据”。
Its vs. it’s
Itsit’s经常被混淆,但its是it的一切格,而it’s是it is的缩写。例如,“Its radioactive nature was detected using a Geiger counter,” “用盖革计数器检测了它的放射性”,以及 “It’s a challenging time to be a researcher,” “这个时代成为研讨职员是有应战性的”都是对的。
Lead
在科学范畴,lead是一种金属,而动词lead的曩昔式是led而不是lead。例如,“The results led us to conclude that there was no correlation between the two factors,” “成果使我们推论出这两个身分之间没有相关关系”是正确的。
Less vs. fewer
体积或质量用less,例如,“Less buffer was needed for running the smaller agarose gel.” “较小的琼脂凝胶只需要较少的缓冲剂来跑胶”。可数名词或个体用fewer,例如,“Fewer bacteria were found in the water column,” “水柱中发现了较少许的细菌”以及“Fewer data were obtained for the swamp transect.”“获得了较少的沼泽断面数据”。
Media vs. mediums
在科学范畴以及在会商公共传媒时,medium的复数是media。例如,“The bacteria only grew on two of the three media tested.” “细菌仅在三个测试的培育基中的两个上发展”。Mediums指的是招魂论者。
Neither...nor
这个机关遵守和either...or一样的法则。
On the one hand/on the other hand
利用时,这两句必须一路利用。例如,“On the one hand, my results support my hypothesis. On the other hand, they are opposite to those obtained by Greer et al. (2001).” “一方面,我的成果支持我的假定。另一方面,它们和Greer等人(2001)获得的成果相反”。虽然技术层面上讲是正确的,但利用on the one hand/on the other hand太冗杂了。上述例句可以更简单地写成 “My results support my hypothesis. However, they are opposite to those obtained by Greer et al. (2001).” “我的成果支持我的假定。但是,它们和Greer等人(2001)获得的成果相反”。也可利用Whilewhereas以及in contrast来直截了当地表达不异的概念。
Partly vs. partially
这两个词都暗示“某种水平上”或“部分地”。但是,partially还有额外的“不完全地”的意义。例如,“The cell culture contamination is partly responsible for the failure of the experiment,” “细胞培育净化在某种水平上是尝试失利的缘由”仅仅意味着净化是尝试失利的一个缘由。但是,“The cellulose was partially converted to sugars by cellulase,” “纤维素经过纤维素酶部分转化成了糖”表白并非一切纤维素都转化成了糖。
Peak vs. peek
peak (名词)即顶端,而peek是快速的一瞥。例如,“The peak level of hemoglobin was achieved when the root nodules were initially formed,” “最初构成根瘤时,血红卵白到达峰值水平”是正确的。Peak也可用作动词。例如,“Hemoglobin peaked 7 days post-inoculation with the symbiont.” “接种共生体后7天血红卵白到达峰值”。
Phenomena
Phenomenaphenomenon的复数。Phenomenas是毛病的。
Principle vs. principal
作为名词,principle即法则,而principal是最高权利机构的人。例如,“Archimedes’ principle can explain why boats can float,” “阿基米德定理可以诠释船为什么能浮起来”,而 “The principal of the private school was strict.” “这所私立黉舍的校长已经很严厉”。principal这个词也可以用作描述词,意义是“最重要的”。例如,“The principal factor in the patient’s demise was an overdose of warfarin.” “该患者灭亡的最首要的身分是华法令阻凝剂过量”。
Proved vs. proven
Proved是动词prove的曩昔式,而proven是个描述词。例如,“The Hershey-Chase experiments proved that DNA was the genetic material,” “赫尔希-蔡斯尝试证实了DNA是遗传物资” 是对的,而 “The Hershey-Chase experiments had proven that DNA was the genetic material,” “赫尔希-蔡斯尝试已经证实了DNA是遗传物资”是错的。但是,“SDS-PAGE is a proven technique for separating proteins based on their molecular weights,” “SDS-PAGE是一种已被证适用于按照份子量分手卵白质的技术”是对的。
Regime vs. regimen
请留意这是两个意义很是分歧的词。regime是一段统治期间、一种政体或一种社会制度,而regimen是一种系统的计划。
Respective; Respectively
这些词意味着两个分歧系列的组元间的逐一对应。假如只要一个系列或名词,则不应利用这些词。例如,“There were 5, 10, and 15 wasps in nests 1, 2, and 3, respectively,” “巢1、2和3里别离有5、10和15只胡蜂”是正确的。但是,“There were wasps in nest 1, 2, and 3, respectively,” “巢1、2和3中别离有胡蜂”是毛病的。
Since
Since是稍微温和形式的because,但在现代英语中这两个词可以交换利用。
That vs. which
先不会商限制和非限制性从句,有个记着什么时辰用thatwhich的窍门。假如将thatwhich前面的词去掉会改变句子的意义,则用that。例如,“The experiments that were done at 20°C were successful.” “20°C下做的尝试成功了”。 假如移除“that were done at 20°C”,那末这个句子读作 “The experiments were successful.” “尝试成功了”。这个句子现在是在说一切尝试都成功了,不但是20°C下停止的那些尝试。假如这个句子是 “The experiments, which were done at 20°C, were successful,” “20°C下做的那些尝试成功了“,这就暗示一切尝试都成功了。请记得在which前而不在that前加逗号。
Use vs. utilize
大都情况下Useutilize更好。但是,当有特定的意义“为……找到现适用处”的时辰,utilize比力合意。例如,“Duct tape was utilized to hold the vacuum tube in place when the stopper wouldn’t stay in the flask.” “当瓶塞没法连结在烧瓶中时,操纵管带将真空管连结的适当位置上”。
(具体拜见原文链接:www.letpub.com/index.php?page=author_education_confused_phrase)




原文地址:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/575494377
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