进步科研写作的18个小倡议

杨小公子君莫邪

来历：知乎



学术写作对于每一个科研工作者都非常重要，杰出的科研写作水平有助于我们颁发学术文献分享科研功效。作为英语非母语的科研小萌新来说，SCI 科研写作并不轻易。那我们来听听SCI 写作的大牛给我们的倡议吧，全程干货，快拿小簿本记下吧！

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Communicating your experimental findingswith others is your most important task as a scientist. You may make criticalobservations, develop ingenious hypotheses, design innovative experiments, andmake important and novel discoveries – but if you cannot communicate your ideasand achievements to your colleagues, your career as a scientist will be at astandstill. At the University of California in Irvine in the early 90s, myresearch led me to a citation that seemed like it might be highly relevant tomy work.
参考译文：作为科学家，与他人交换您的尝试发现是您最重要的使命。您能够会停止批评性观察，提出奇妙的假定，设想创新性尝试并做出重要而新奇的发现-可是，假如您没法将自己的想法和成就转达给同事，那末您作为科学家的职业将堕入障碍。90年月初，在加州尔湾市的加利福尼亚大学，我的研讨使我被引证，似乎与我的工作息息相关。
Unfortunately, after going to great lengthsto obtain the original paper from an obscure journal, I was unable tounderstand the paper despite it being written in English, which was not theauthor’s native tongue. I couldn’t understand enough of the paper to confirmthe accuracy of the cited information, leading me to search for this paper.Several attempts to contact the authors failed. In the end, I was unable torefer to their work in my own papers because, while the title and topic seemedapplicable, I could not confirm that the research or findings were indeedrelevant. The ability to write well is critical to a scientist’s success.
参考译文：不幸的是，在竭尽尽力从一本艰涩的期刊上获得原始论文以后，虽然论文是用英语撰写的，但那不是作者的母语，但我还是没法了解。我对论文的了解不够，没法确认所援用信息的正确性，是以我不能不搜索该论文。与作者联系的几次尝试都失利了。最初，我没法在自己的论文中说起他们的工作，由于虽然题目和主题似乎适用，但我没法确认研讨或发现确切相关。出色的写作才能对于科学家的成功相当重要。
The ability to speak English well does notnecessarily translate to the ability to write English well, even for nativespeakers. Great writing and editing skills develop with experience andguidance. All the writing experience in the world will not make you a betterwriter in the absence of writing assessment or guidance. Conversely, all theassessment and guidance in the world will not make you a better writer unlessyou take the time to write.
参考译文：说英语的才能并纷歧定会转化为说英语的才能，即使对于母语为英语的人也是如此。优异的写作和编辑技术会在经历和指导下成长。假如没有书面评价或指导，天下上一切的写作经历都不会使您成为更好的作家。相反，除非您花时候写作，否则天下上一切的评价和指导都不会使您成为更好的作家。
Science writing should be clear andconcise, but rules of general writing also apply to science writing. Thefollowing list contains suggestions to improve and strengthen your writingskills:
参考译文：科学写作应简洁了然，但一般写作法则也适用于科学写作。以以下表包括改良和增强您的写作技能的倡议：
1. Organize your thoughts, ideas, andaction in a logical manner. Begin with sufficientbackground information to take your reader along the pathway from yourobservations or understanding to your hypothesis. Describe the context of the backgroundto appeal to a broad group of readers. Provide sufficient context tocommunicate the significance of your inquiry and experimental findings. Omitextraneous information so that the reader can obtain a clear picture. Groupsimilar ideas together and state your ideas and thoughts concisely. Presentideas in a consistent manner throughout the manuscript. The most commonstructure of a scientific manuscript is the IMRAD (Introduction, Methods,Results, and Discussion) format.
参考译文：1. 以公道的方式构造您的想法，想法和行动。首先要有充足的布景信息，以使您的读者领会从观察或了解到假定的进程。描写布景内容以吸引广大读者。供给充足的高低文来转达您的询问和尝试成果的重要性。省略无关的信息，以便读者获得清楚的图片。将类似的想法归为一组，并简要陈说您的想法和想法。在整篇论文中以分歧的方式先容想法。科学手稿最多见的结构是IMRAD（简介，方式，成果和会商）格式。
2. Provide clear descriptions. Repeating the background or concepts may be necessary when theconcept is complicated. You may need to explain the concept from differentviewpoints. Start simple and then advance the complexity only as far asnecessary to get the concept across. Consider your audience as you write. Areyou are writing for a general audience or a specialized audience? Will youraudience understand the terms of art (i.e., phrases or words common to yourparticular field of study) or concepts that underlie your field and yourresearch, or is some prior explanation needed? Keep your explanations simple.
参考译文：2. 供给清楚的说明。当概念复杂时，能够需要反复布景或概念。您能够需要从分歧的角度诠释这个概念。从简单起头，然后将复杂性扩大到尽能够使概念得以传布的水平。在撰写时请斟酌您的听众。您是在为普通读者还是专业读者写作？您的听众能否会了解艺术术语（即，您的特定研讨范畴共有的短语或单词）或组成您的研讨范畴和研讨根本的概念，还是需要一些事前诠释？连结您的诠释简单。
3. Simplify your word choices.Use simple straightforward language. Your manuscript will be read bystudents and researchers alike – make it easy for them to understand and careabout your research even if they are not in your field or are not proficient inEnglish.
参考译文：3. 简化您的单词挑选。利用简单了然的说话。门生和研讨职员城市阅读您的手稿，即使他们不在您的范畴或不精通英语，也使他们易于了解和关心您的研讨。
4. Write concisely. Note that “concise writing” is mentioned several times in thisarticle. Science writing must be concise. No one appreciates long and orunnecessary descriptions or paragraphs. Use simple and direct language.
参考译文：4. 简明简要。请留意，本文屡次提到“简洁写作”。科学写作必须简明简要。没有人喜好冗杂或不需要的描写或段落。利用简单间接的说话。
5. Use passive and active voiceappropriately.In science writing, it is importantto know when to use passive and active voice. Active voice is more natural,direct, and engaging, and should be used when referring to widely acceptedfindings. The Introduction section should mainly be written in an active voice,because you are telling the story of “what is”. When referring to the findingsof a specific study, however, passive voice should be used. In the Methods andResults sections, passive voice should be used to discuss what you did and whatyou found. In the Discussion section, a mixture of passive and active voice isacceptable, but take care not to mix the two together in a single sentence.
参考译文：5. 适当利用被动和自动语音。在科学写作中，领会何时利用被动和自动语音很是重要。自动语态更自然，间接和令人沉迷，应在说起普遍接管的发现时利用。简介部分首要应当以活跃的声音写成，由于您讲的是“什么是”的故事。可是，当说起特定研讨的成果时，应利用被动语态。在“方式和成果”部分中，应当利用被动语音来会商您所做的工作和发现的工作。在“会商”部分中，可以夹杂利用被动语态和自动语态，可是请留意不要将两者混为一谈。
6. Select the appropriate words.Selecting the appropriate words can be challenging. The best wordsaccurately capture what the author is trying to convey. If a word is notsufficiently precise, use a thesaurus to replace the word or phrase with a moreappropriate word. Precise words allow for specific, clear, and accurateexpression. While science writing differs from literature in that it does notneed to be colorful, it should not be boring.
参考译文：6. 挑选适当的单词。挑选合适的单词能够会很困难。最好的话正确地记录了作者试图转达的内容。假如单词不够切确，请利用同义词库将单词或短语替换为更合适的单词。切确的单词可以表达具体，清楚和正确的笔墨。虽然科学写作与文学的分歧之处在于它不需要丰富多彩，但也不应感应无聊。
7. Broaden your vocabulary. Use clear, specific, and concrete words. Expand your vocabulary byreading in a broad range of fields and look up terms you don’t know.
参考译文：7. 扩大辞汇量。利用清楚，具体和具体的词。经过阅读普遍的范畴来扩大辞汇量，并查找您不晓得的术语。
8. Avoid filler words. Filler words are unnecessary words that are vague and meaningless ordo not add to the meaning or clarity of the sentence. Consider the followingexamples: “it is”, “it was”, “there is”, and “there has been”, "it isimportant", “it is hypothesized that", “it was predicted that","there is evidence suggesting that", “in order to”, and "thereis a significant relationship". All of these phrases can be replaced withmore direct and clear language. See our list of words and phrases to avoidhere.
参考译文：8. 避免利用添补词。添补词是不需要的词，含糊不清，无意义或不会增加句子的寄义或清楚度。斟酌以下示例：“是”，“已经”，“有”和“有”，“重要”，“假定为”，“估计为”，“有”证据表白“，”为了“和”存在严重关系。一切这些短语都可以用更间接，更清楚的说话替换。请在此处检察避免利用的单词和短语列表。
9. Read what you write. Make sure to vary sentence length to keep the reader from gettinglulled to sleep by a monotonous rhythm. Do not, however, make overly long orcomplicated sentences that hinder the reader’s ability to follow your story.Reading the manuscript yourself after some time away or having someone elseread the manuscript will help you to refine the readability.
参考译文：9. 阅读您写的内容。确保改变句子的长度，以避免读者因单调的节奏而沉迷于就寝。可是，请勿写太长或太复杂的句子，免得故障读者追踪您的故事。一段时候后自行阅读手稿或让他人阅读手稿将有助于您进步可读性。
10. Optimize paragraph and sentencestructure. Each paragraph should present a singleunifying idea or concept. Extremely long paragraphs tend to distract or confusereaders. If longer paragraphs are necessary, alternate them with shorterparagraphs to provide balance and rhythm to your writing. A good sentenceallows readers to obtain critical information with the least effort. Poorsentence structure interferes with the flow. Keep modifiers close to the objectthey are modifying. Consider the following sentence: “Systemic diseases thatmay affect joint function such as infection should be closely monitored.” Inthis example, “such as infection” is misplaced, as it is not a joint function,but rather a systemic disease. The meaning is clear in the revised sentence:“Systemic diseases, such as infection, that may affect joint function should beclosely monitored.”
参考译文：10. 优化段落和句子结构。每个段落都应提出一个同一的想法或概念。极长的段落会分离读者的留意力或使他们困惑。假如需要较长的段落，请用较短的段落替换它们，以使您的写作连结平衡和节奏。好的句子可以使读者以最少的尽力获得关键信息。较差的句子结构会干扰流程。使点窜器靠近要点窜的工具。斟酌以下句子：“应亲近监视能够影响枢纽功用的系统疾病，例如传染。”在此示例中，“诸如传染”被放错了位置，由于它不是枢纽功用，而是满身性疾病。点窜后的句子中的意义很清楚：“应亲近监视能够影响枢纽功用的满身性疾病，例如传染。”
11. Use transitions to control the flow.Sentences and paragraphs should flow seamlessly.Place transitional phrases and sentences at the beginning and end of theparagraphs to help the reader move smoothly through the paper.
参考译文：11. 利用过渡句控制流程。句子和段落应当顺畅地停止。在段落的开首和结尾处放置过渡短语和句子，以帮助读者在论文中平稳移动。
12. Word repetition: Avoid using the same word or phrase over and over when another moredescriptive word or phrase could be used. Ensure that you do not sacrificeprecision for variability. See our science-related Word Choice list here.
参考译文：12. 单词反复：当可以利用另一个更具描写性的单词或短语时，请避免反复利用不异的单词或短语。确保不牺牲正确性以确保可变性。请在此处检察与科学相关的单词挑选列表。
13. Improve readability with consistentformatting.Although in many cases it is no longernecessary to format your manuscript for a specific journal before peer review,you should pay attention to formatting for consistency. Use the same font sizethroughout; headings should be bolded or not bolded, all uppercase or not,italicized or not; and references should be provided in an easy-to-follow,consistent format. Use appropriate subheadings in the Materials and Methods,and Results sections to help the reader quickly navigate your paper.
参考译文：13. 经过分歧的格式进步可读性。虽然在很多情况下，不再需要在同业评审之前对特定期刊的稿件停止格式化，但您应留意格式化的分歧性。始终利用不异的字体巨细；题目应加粗或不加粗，能否全数大写，能否斜体；而且援用应以易于遵守的分歧格式供给。在“材料和方式”以及“成果”部分中利用适当的副题目，以帮助读者快速阅读您的论文。
14. Use parallel construction tofacilitate understanding.Your hypothesis,experimental measures, and results should be presented in the same order in theAbstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Tables. Words orphrases joined by coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, andyet) should have the same form.
参考译文：14. 利用并行机关以促进了解。您的假定，尝试方式和成果应以不异的顺序显现在摘要，简介，方式，成果，会商和表格中。经过调和性连词（以及，可是，for，nor，或，如此，至今）毗连的单词或短语应具有不异的形式。
15. Maintain consistent use of labels,abbreviations, and acronyms. Measures andvariable/group names and labels should be consistent in both form and contentthroughout the text to avoid confusing the reader.
参考译文：15. 连结标签，缩写和首字母缩略词的分歧利用。在全部文本中，怀抱，变量/组的称号和标签在形式和内容上应连结分歧，以避免混淆读者。
16. Use abbreviations and acronyms toaid the reader. Only use abbreviations/acronyms tohelp the reader more easily understand the paper. A general rule of thumb is touse only standard, accepted abbreviations/acronyms that are used at least threetimes in the main text of the paper. Whenever using an abbreviation/acronym,ask yourself “Does this help me or the reader?” Exceptions may apply for thoseabbreviations/acronyms that are so commonly used that spelling them out mightconfuse the reader.
参考译文：16. 利用缩写词和首字母缩写词来帮助读者。仅利用缩写词/缩写来帮助读者更轻松地了解本文。一般的经历法例是仅利用标准的，可接管的缩写/缩写，在本文的正文中最少利用3次。每当利用缩写/缩写时，问自己“这对我或读者有帮助吗？”破例情况能够适用于那些常用的缩写词/缩写词，以致于拼写它们能够会使读者感应困惑。
17. Minimize pronoun use for clarity.Make sure every pronoun is very clear, so the reader knows what itrepresents. In this case, being redundant may contribute to the clarity. Don’trefer to this or that, making the reader go back to the previous paragraph tosee what this or that means. Also, limit or avoid the use of “former” andlatter”.
参考译文：17. 为了清楚起见，请只管削减代词的利用。确保每个代词都很是清楚，以便读者晓得它所代表的意义。在这类情况下，冗余能够有助于进步清楚度。不要指代这个或阿谁，而是让读者回到上一段来领会这个或阿谁的寄义。别的，限制或避免利用“前”和“前”。
18. Read your writing out loud. Read your final paper out loud to check the rhythm, find words andphrases that are repeated too many times within and between sentences andparagraphs. You will often find words that are unnecessary and can becompletely eliminated or replaced with alternative word choices.
参考译文：18. 高声朗诵您的文章。高声朗诵您的终极论文以检查节奏，找到在句子和段落之间以及句子与段落之间反复太屡次的单词和短语。您凡是会发现不需要的单词，可以完全消除这些单词或将其替换为其他单词挑选。
Remember, your writing is your chance to showthe scientific world who you are. You want to present a scholarly, clear,well-written description of your interests, ideas, results, and interpretationsto encourage dialogue between scientists. Change your goal from that of simplypublishing your manuscript to that of publishing an interesting manuscript thatencourages discussion, and inspires additional questions and hypotheses due toits fundamental clarity to the reader.
参考译文：请记着，您的写作是您向科学界展现自己的机遇。您想对您的爱好，想法，成果息争释停止学术性，清楚，写得很好的描写，以激励科学家之间停止对话。将您的方针从只公布您的手稿的方针变动成公布风趣的手稿，以激励会商，并由于其根基的读者可读性而激起了其他题目和假定。




原文地址：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/133313559
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